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Time-of-day perception in paintings.

Cehao Yu1,2, Mitchell J P Van Zuijlen3,4, Cristina Spoiala1,5

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Journal of Vision
|January 2, 2024
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Area of Science:

  • Visual Perception
  • Art History
  • Computational Imaging

Background:

  • Daylight's spectral characteristics change predictably throughout the day.
  • These variations in natural light influence object appearance and can signal time of day.
  • Artists may utilize color choices to represent specific times of day in outdoor scenes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if viewers can accurately perceive the time of day depicted in paintings.
  • To determine if image statistics, such as chromaticity and luminance, correlate with perceived time of day.
  • To explore whether artists consistently employed specific color palettes to denote morning or evening light.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted two online rating experiments with Western European paintings (17th-20th century).
  • Experiment 1: Viewers rated paintings on seven time-of-day choices.
  • Experiment 2: Viewers classified paintings as either morning or evening.
  • Analyzed image statistics (brightness, contrast, saturation, hue) and correlated them with viewer ratings using multiple linear regression.

Main Results:

  • Viewer ratings showed significant and consistent, though sometimes ambiguous (morning/evening), time-of-day perceptions across paintings.
  • Image statistics correlated with perceived time: 'morningness' linked to higher brightness, contrast, saturation, and specific hue shifts (darker yellow/brighter blue); 'eveningness' to lower values and opposite hue shifts.
  • A predictive model based on image statistics explained 76% of the variance in time-of-day perception.
  • Experiment 2 confirmed that image statistics predicted perceived time (morning vs. evening).

Conclusions:

  • Artists employed distinct color palettes and patterns to depict different times of day.
  • The human visual system demonstrates consistent assumptions about natural light variations as represented in art.
  • Color and luminance variations in paintings serve as reliable cues for decoding the depicted time of day.