Recent Advances in Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for Pharmaceutical Analysis.

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Pharmaceutical Analysis
• Separation Science

Background:

• Sample clean-up and pre-concentration are essential for accurate pharmaceutical analysis.
• Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a key technique for improving detection sensitivity.
• A comprehensive review of DLLME in pharmaceutical analysis is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive overview of DLLME modes in pharmaceutical analysis (2017-2023).
• To discuss the principles, influencing factors, and applications of DLLME.
• To highlight multi-extraction strategies for enhanced pharmaceutical analysis.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of DLLME techniques in pharmaceutical analysis.
• Analysis of factors affecting DLLME efficiency.
• Evaluation of various DLLME modes and their applications.
• Focus on multi-extraction strategies.

Main Results:

• DLLME significantly enhances detection sensitivity in pharmaceutical analysis.
• Various DLLME modes have been developed and applied.
• Multi-extraction strategies offer further improvements in pre-concentration.
• Key factors influencing DLLME performance were identified.

Conclusions:

• DLLME is a powerful tool for pharmaceutical sample preparation.
• Continued development of DLLME modes and strategies is crucial for advancing pharmaceutical analysis.
• This review consolidates current knowledge on DLLME for researchers in the field.