Angular Engineering Strategy for Enhanced Surface Nonlinear Frequency Conversion in Centrosymmetric Topological...

Surface nonlinear optics are essential for developments in integrated photonics and micro/nano optoelectronics. However, the nonlinear optical conversion efficiency on a surface is restricted by the finite nonlinear susceptibility of matter and the intrinsic atomic-layered interaction length between light and matter. In this work, based on an angular engineering strategy, it is demonstrated that the centrosymmetric topological semimetal HfGe_0.92Te crystal has a giant and anisotropic surface second-order nonlinear susceptibility up to 5535 ± 308 pm V^-1 and exhibits efficient and unprecedented second-harmonic generation (SHG). The maximum optical conversion efficiency is found to be up to 3.75‰, which is 10⁴ times higher than that obtained from a silicon surface. Because of the linear dispersion over a wide range of energies around the Dirac points, this high conversion efficiency can be maintained with SHG wavelengths ranging from the visible region (779 nm) to the deep-UV region (257.5 nm). This study can facilitate the development of topological photonics and integrated nonlinear photonics based on topological semimetals.