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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Ice-Like Dynamics of Water Clusters.

Kouki Oka1, Hiroshi Akiba2, Norimitsu Tohnai1

  • 1Department of Applied Chemistry and Center for Future Innovation (CFi), Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.

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|January 2, 2024
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Water clusters in hydrophobic solvents exhibit surprisingly slow dynamics, moving "like ice" even above freezing temperatures. This research reveals their unique behavior using neutron scattering.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Understanding water dynamics is crucial across scientific disciplines.
  • A metastable state of water clusters has been identified in hydrophobic solvents.
  • Observing water cluster dynamics is challenging due to their low abundance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the diffusion dynamics of water clusters in benzene-d6.
  • To characterize the slow dynamics of these water clusters.
  • To compare water cluster dynamics with bulk water and ice.

Main Methods:

  • Quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) measurements.
  • Utilized the AGNES time-of-flight spectrometer at the Japan Research Reactor (JRR-3).
  • 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used for initial identification.

Main Results:

  • Water cluster hydrogen atom diffusion is significantly slower than bulk water.
  • Diffusion coefficients are below the observable limit (10-10 m2/s).
  • Water cluster dynamics resemble those of ice, even at temperatures above water's freezing point (273 K).

Conclusions:

  • Water clusters possess unique, slow dynamics distinct from dissolved water and bulk water.
  • These clusters exhibit ice-like mobility at ambient and elevated temperatures.
  • The findings provide new insights into the behavior of water in non-polar environments.