Partial loss of Sorting Nexin 27 resembles age- and Down syndrome-associated T cell dysfunctions

Sorting Nexin 27 (SNX27)-retromer complex facilitates cargo recycling from endosomes to the plasma membrane. SNX27 downregulation in neurons, as the result of Trisomy 21 (T21), has been linked with cognitive deficits due to impairment of AMPA and NMDA receptor recycling. Studies in human T cell lines likewise demonstrated that SNX27 regulates the correct delivery of cargoes to the immune synapse limiting the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways. Nevertheless, the physiological consequences of partial SNX27 loss in T cell homeostasis are still unclear.

In this study, we have explored the consequences of T cell specific partial SNX27 downregulation in mice. T cells with partial SNX27 deficiency show a marked deficit in the CD4⁺ T cell pool, a hallmark of aging in mice and humans, and a well-characterized comorbidity of individuals with Down syndrome (DS). When analyzed ex vivo, CD4⁺ T cells with partial SNX27 deletion demonstrate enhanced proliferation but diminished IL-2 production. In contrast, the CD8⁺ population show enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lytic enzymes.

This mouse model supports the relevance of SNX27 in the organization of the immune synapse, previously described in cell lines, as well as in the control of T cell homeostasis. Individuals with DS experiment an acceleration of the aging process, which particularly affects the immune and central nervous systems. Thus, we hypothesize that reduced SNX27 expression in DS could contribute to the dysregulation of these systems and further research in SNX27 will shed light on the molecular factors underlying the phenotypes observed in people with DS and its contribution to aging.