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Updated: Jul 6, 2025

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
Published on: August 25, 2014
Parent and staff perceptions of racism in a single-center neonatal intensive care unit
Kayla L Karvonen1,2, Olga Smith3, Brittany D Chambers Butcher4
1Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. kayla.karvonen@ucsf.edu.
Impact:
In alignment with previous literature, NICU parents reported experiencing racism and NICU staff reported witnessing racism in the NICU. Our study also uniquely describes personal experiences with racism by staff in the NICU. NICU staff reported witnessing and experiencing racism more often than parents reported. Black staff reported witnessing and experiencing more racism than white staff. Differences in reporting is likely influenced by variations in lived experience, social identities, psychological safety, and levels of awareness. Future studies are necessary to prevent and accurately measure racism in the NICU.
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