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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

197
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

176
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2025

Surface Engineering of Pancreatic Islets with a Heparinized StarPEG Nanocoating
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Enhancing Therapeutic Insulin Transport from Macroencapsulated Islets Using Sub-Minute Pressure at Physiological

Ella A Thomson, Sooyeon Lee, Haixia Xu

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |January 3, 2024
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    Summary

    Applying physiological pressure enhances insulin transport from macroencapsulated islets for type 1 diabetes treatment. This breakthrough could enable on-demand insulin delivery and achieve insulin independence.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Endocrinology
    • Regenerative Medicine

    Background:

    • Type 1 diabetes treatments face challenges with immunocompatibility and achieving physiologic glucose control.
    • Current macroencapsulation methods relying on diffusion for insulin delivery have not achieved insulin independence.
    • Diffusion-limited insulin transport hinders homeostatic, on-demand delivery from encapsulated islets.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate if applying physiological pressure can enhance insulin transport from macroencapsulated islets.
    • To demonstrate a potential solution for achieving on-demand insulin delivery and glucose regulation in type 1 diabetes.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical modeling and experimental validation of pressure-driven insulin transport across immunoisolation membranes.
    • Incorporation of pressure-enhanced system with a pump-based extravascular device.
    • Testing in diabetic rodent models to assess glucose-lowering efficacy and therapeutic effect.

    Main Results:

    • Applying pressure comparable to diastolic blood pressure increased insulin flux by nearly three orders of magnitude.
    • Achieved precise, sub-minute regulation of both bolus and basal insulin delivery.
    • Demonstrated rapid reduction of glucose levels in diabetic rodents, mimicking subcutaneous insulin effects.

    Conclusions:

    • Pressure-driven insulin transport significantly overcomes diffusion limitations in macroencapsulation.
    • This technique offers a viable strategy for on-demand insulin delivery from encapsulated islets.
    • Provides a potential pathway towards achieving insulin independence for type 1 diabetes patients.