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Related Concept Videos

pH Regulation in Cells01:28

pH Regulation in Cells

6.1K
pH plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular activities. It helps maintain the structure and function of various proteins, dictates the charge on cellular membranes, and is crucial for metabolic reactions inside the cell. Moreover, cells use the energy from the proton motive force to generate ATP.
Cytosolic pH
Under physiological conditions, the cytosolic pH is slightly more acidic than the extracellular pH. However, cells must prevent further acidification of their cytosol to...
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Stomach pH Regulation01:21

Stomach pH Regulation

6.0K
The human body carefully regulates the internal pH of different organs to maintain homeostasis. For example, while the blood plasma maintains a neutral pH of 7, the stomach lumen has an acidic pH of 1.5 - 3.5. The low pH of stomach lumen helps kill pathogens in the food and break down complex food molecules.
The acid-secreting gastric mucosal epithelial cells (parietal cells) lining the stomach lumen maintain the low pH in the lumen. Numerous ion transporters and channels on these parietal...
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pH Scale02:41

pH Scale

68.9K
Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
68.9K
Acid–Base Equilibria: Activity-Based Definition of pH01:10

Acid–Base Equilibria: Activity-Based Definition of pH

591
For an ideal solution, the pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. For a non-ideal solution, an accurate measurement of the pH must consider the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity rather than concentration. In such a solution, the pH can be more accurately defined as the negative logarithm of a product of the hydrogen ion concentration and its activity coefficient.
In solutions of very low ionic strength—for example, pure water—the...
591
Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer01:22

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer

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The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is critical for maintaining the body's pH balance. It operates on the equilibrium:
1.4K
The Nernst Equation02:59

The Nernst Equation

40.9K
Nonstandard Reaction Conditions
The interconnection between standard cell potentials and various thermodynamic parameters such as the standard free energy change ΔG° and equilibrium constant K has been previously explored. For example, a redox reaction involving zinc(II) and tin(II) ions at 1 M concentration with Eºcell = +0.291 V and ΔG° = −56.2 kJ is spontaneous.
40.9K

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Optical Quantification of Intracellular pH in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule Epithelia with a Fluorescent Genetically-encoded pH Indicator
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Optical Quantification of Intracellular pH in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule Epithelia with a Fluorescent Genetically-encoded pH Indicator

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Rho-dependent termination enables cellular pH homeostasis.

Kanika Bhardwaj1,2, Arunima Kalita1, Neha Verma1,2

  • 1CSIR Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh, India.

Journal of Bacteriology
|January 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial Rho factor loss increases intracellular pH by upregulating tryptophanase-A, producing ammonia. Conversely, Rho overexpression lowers pH via ATP hydrolysis, impacting genome integrity and bacterial physiology.

Keywords:
Escherichia coliRhoRho inactivationRho overexpressionbicyclomycinpH homeostasis

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Area of Science:

  • Bacteriology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The Rho termination factor is crucial for bacterial genome integrity by controlling transcription.
  • Rho's role in regulating intracellular pH has not been previously understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct link between Rho factor function and bacterial intracellular pH homeostasis.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which Rho influences cellular pH.

Main Methods:

  • Studied Rho-deficient and Rho-overexpressing *Escherichia coli* strains.
  • Measured intracellular pH using pH indicators.
  • Assessed tryptophanase-A (TnaA) activity and ammonia production.
  • Performed *in vivo* termination assays and RNA release assays.

Main Results:

  • Loss of Rho function elevated intracellular pH (>8.0) due to upregulated TnaA activity and ammonia production.
  • Rho overexpression decreased intracellular pH (~6.2), potentially from ATP hydrolysis by excess Rho.
  • Rho-mediated termination efficiency is modulated by pH, with alkaline pH stimulating catalytic activity and acidic pH increasing Rho levels.

Conclusions:

  • Rho factor plays a significant role in maintaining bacterial intracellular pH homeostasis.
  • Alkalization results from Rho deficiency and ammonia production, while acidification stems from Rho overexpression and ATP hydrolysis.
  • This pH-Rho connection has broad implications for bacterial physiology and gene expression.