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Updated: Jul 6, 2025

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Transcribed enhancer sequences are required for maize p1 paramutation.

Lyudmila V Sidorenko1,2, Vicki L Chandler1,3, Xiujuan Wang2,4

  • 1Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.

Genetics
|January 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paramutation in maize involves heritable silencing of the P1-rr allele, triggered by specific DNA sequences. These sequences, located within a 600-bp segment, mediate silencing through transcriptional changes and increased DNA methylation.

Keywords:
DNA methylationdirect repeatsenhancermaize p1 geneparamutationsmall RNAtranscriptiontranscriptional silencingtransgene

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Epigenetics
  • Gene silencing

Background:

  • Paramutation is a key epigenetic mechanism involving heritable silencing between alleles.
  • The maize P1-rr allele (red pericarp and red cob) is known to undergo paramutation when exposed to a specific transgene (P1.2).
  • Previous studies identified the P1.2 fragment as capable of inducing paramutation, leading to a silenced P1-rr' state.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To precisely identify the DNA sequences within the P1.2 fragment responsible for eliciting paramutation.
  • To investigate the transcriptional activity and epigenetic modifications associated with the paramutation process at the P1 gene.
  • To elucidate the role of enhancer repeats in mediating paramutation.

Main Methods:

  • Subdivision of the P1.2 fragment and transformation into maize.
  • Genetic crosses to analyze paramutation in progeny.
  • Analysis of transcription using α-amanitin sensitivity.
  • Quantification of small RNAs.
  • DNA blot analysis to detect cytosine methylation.

Main Results:

  • A critical ∼600-bp segment within P1.2 was identified as essential for paramutation.
  • This segment overlaps with enhancer repeats present in the P1-rr allele.
  • Transcription of the paramutagenic segment occurs via RNA polymerase II in both active and silenced alleles.
  • Increased abundance of small RNAs and enhanced cytosine methylation were observed in the silenced P1-rr' state.
  • The P1-rr enhancer repeats were confirmed to mediate p1 paramutation.

Conclusions:

  • The P1-rr enhancer repeats are the core functional elements mediating p1 paramutation in maize.
  • Paramutation involves RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription, small RNA production, and DNA methylation.
  • Epigenetic silencing at the P1 locus is a complex process regulated by specific DNA sequence elements and their associated molecular mechanisms.