Identifying distant relatives using benchtop-scale sequencing

The genetic component of forensic genetic genealogy (FGG) is an estimate of kinship, often conducted at genome scales between a great number of individuals. The promise of FGG is substantial: in concert with genealogical records and other nongenetic information, it can indirectly identify a person of interest. A downside of FGG is cost, as it is currently expensive and requires chemistries uncommon to forensic genetic laboratories (microarrays and high throughput sequencing). The more common benchtop sequencers can be coupled with a targeted PCR assay to conduct FGG, though such approaches have limited resolution for kinship. This study evaluates low-pass sequencing, an alternative strategy that is accessible to benchtop sequencers and can produce resolutions comparable to high-pass sequencing. Samples from a three-generation pedigree were augmented to include up to 7th degree relatives (using whole genome pedigree simulations) and the ability to recover the true kinship coefficient was assessed using algorithms qualitatively similar to those found in GEDmatch. We show that up to 7th degree relatives can be reliably inferred from 1 × whole genome sequencing obtainable from desktop sequencers.