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Ocean surface waves from tropical cyclones (TCs) are growing. Maximum wave height and energy increased significantly, indicating a rising TC wave hazard that demands future attention.

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Area of Science:

  • Oceanography
  • Climate Science
  • Atmospheric Science

Background:

  • Long-term changes in ocean surface waves linked to tropical cyclones (TCs) remain poorly understood.
  • Existing data on TC wave behavior over extended periods is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze global trends in tropical cyclone (TC)-associated ocean surface waves from 1979 to 2022.
  • To quantify changes in TC wave characteristics and energy transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the ERA5 wave reanalysis dataset for a comprehensive global trend analysis.
  • Examined decadal changes in maximum wave height, wave footprint area, and wave energy transfer.

Main Results:

  • Observed a global increase of approximately 3%/decade in maximum TC wave height and 6%/decade in TC wave footprint area.
  • Documented a significant global increase of about 9%/decade in TC wave energy transfer to the ocean, three times greater than for all waves.
  • Found that the expansion of the wave footprint area is the primary driver of increased global energy changes.

Conclusions:

  • TC-associated wave hazards have significantly increased globally.
  • These observed changes in wave characteristics surpass those in TC maximum wind speeds.
  • Future climate projections and coastal management strategies must consider the escalating TC wave hazard.