Observational evidence of overlooked downwelling induced by tropical cyclones in the open ocean

Tropical cyclones (TCs) cause severe natural hazards and drive intense upper ocean cooling through a series of oceanic and atmospheric physical processes, including vertical mixing and upwelling. Among these processes, TC-induced warming of near-surface waters in the open ocean has rarely been noted. This study provides a detailed analysis of upper ocean responses to 30 TC events observed by two buoys in the western North Pacific between 2016 and 2021. Supplemented with numerical experiments, we suggest that downwelling frequently occurs at the periphery of upwelling regions (around the radius of the 34 knot wind speed) following the passage of a TC. Downwelling is identified via pronounced warm anomalies under a shallow mixed layer depth, and its dynamics are attributed to negative wind stress curl and current-induced convergence. These findings highlight the important role played by TC-induced downwelling and offer insights for reconsidering the influence of TCs on biogeochemical processes.