Uncovering the Dynamics of Urease and Carbonic Anhydrase Genes in Ureolysis, Carbon Dioxide Hydration, and Calcium...

The hydration of CO₂ suffers from kinetic inefficiencies that make its natural trapping impractically sluggish. However, CO₂-fixing carbonic anhydrases (CAs) remarkably accelerate its equilibration by 6 orders of magnitude and are, therefore, "ideal" catalysts. Notably, CA has been detected in ureolytic bacteria, suggesting its potential involvement in microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), yet the dynamics of the urease (Ur) and CA genes remain poorly understood. Here, through the use of the ureolytic bacteriumSporosarcina pasteurii, we investigate the differing role of Ur and CA in ureolysis, CO₂ hydration, and CaCO₃ precipitation with increasing CO_2(g) concentrations. We show that Ur gene up-regulation coincides with an increase in [HCO₃^-] following the hydration of CO₂ to HCO₃^- by CA. Hence, CA physiologically promotes buffering, which enhances solubility trapping and affects the phase of the CaCO₃ mineral formed. Understanding the role of CO₂ hydration on the performance of ureolysis and CaCO₃ precipitation provides essential new insights, required for the development of next-generation biocatalyzed CO₂ trapping technologies.