Cryogelation reactions and cryogels: principles and challenges

Area of Science:

• Materials Science
• Polymer Chemistry

Background:

• Cryogelation, a technique for creating macroporous hydrogels (cryogels), has gained significant attention in the last two decades.
• Cryogels exhibit superior properties compared to classical hydrogels, including high toughness, remarkable squeezability, and a stable honeycomb porous structure.

Purpose of the Study:

• This mini-review discusses the general properties of cryogelation systems.
• It highlights the cryoconcentration phenomenon responsible for cryogels' unique characteristics.
• The review also examines the poroelasticity and squeezability of cryogels, comparing them to articular cartilage.

Main Methods:

• Discussion of cryogelation principles and the cryoconcentration phenomenon.
• Analysis of cryogel properties such as mechanical stability, toughness, and poroelasticity.
• Review of recent advancements in cryogelation reactions and novel cryogel materials.

Main Results:

• Cryogels possess exceptional mechanical properties, including high toughness and near-complete squeezability.
• The porous structure of cryogels is mechanically stable and exhibits a honeycomb arrangement.
• Cryogels demonstrate poroelasticity and rapid responsiveness to external stimuli.

Conclusions:

• Cryogelation is a versatile technique for fabricating advanced macroporous hydrogels.
• The unique properties of cryogels stem from the cryoconcentration effect and their stable porous architecture.
• Ongoing research into cryogelation reactions and novel cryogels promises exciting future applications.