Histopathological Validation of Microvascular Anastomosis using Two-Throw Reef Knots - An Experimental Study

Knot configuration is an important but relatively neglected topic in microvascular anastomosis literature.

To study the differences between end-to-end microvascular anastomosis performed with two-throw reef knots as compared to traditional three-throw knots in a rat femoral artery model at the histological level.

Sprague Dawley rats underwent end-to-end microvascular anastomosis of the right femoral artery (one-way-up method). The rats were divided into two groups: two-throw reef knots versus traditional three-throw knots. The patency was checked by the standard empty refill method. After 2 weeks, the rats underwent re-exploration. An anastomotic segment was sent for histological analysis. Histological alterations including luminal patency and changes in Tunica intima, Tunica media, and Tunica adventitia were compared between the two groups.

Twenty-nine rats were operated on by the senior author (17 by three-throw and 12 by two-throw reef knots). In the two-throw reef knot group versus the traditional three-throw knot group, the immediate patency rates were 100% versus 82.4%, and the delayed patency rates were 90.9% versus 62.5%, respectively. The histopathological patency rates were concordant with delayed patency rates. Subintimal proliferation and fibrosis were comparable in both groups. Adventitial granulomas were noted in all, irrespective of the knotting technique. Tunica media preservation rates for the two-throw reef knot versus the traditional three-throw knot group were 63.6% versus 0%. Five rats were operated by the beginner in the field, all by two-throw reef knots (to assess the safety of this new method in the hands of a beginner).

Microvascular anastomosis performed with two-throw reef knots appears not only feasible but better in terms of anastomosis patency. Histological superiority in terms of Tunica media preservation further validates the technique.