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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
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RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
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Pseudouridylation-mediated gene expression modulation.

Jonathan L Chen1, W-Matthias Leeder2, Pedro Morais3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, U.S.A.

The Biochemical Journal
|January 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA-guided pseudouridylation modifies RNA for splicing and premature termination codon readthrough. This review explores its mechanisms, functions, and therapeutic potential in genetic diseases and cancer.

Keywords:
RNA modificationnonsense suppressionpre-mRNA splicingpseudouridine

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • RNA-guided pseudouridylation is a key post-transcriptional modification.
  • It plays crucial roles in pre-mRNA splicing and premature termination codon (PTC) readthrough.
  • Understanding its mechanisms is vital for exploring therapeutic applications.

Approach:

  • This review examines the molecular mechanisms of RNA-guided pseudouridylation.
  • It highlights the roles of guide RNAs and pseudouridine synthases in uridine-to-pseudouridine conversion.
  • The impact on U2 small nuclear RNA, pre-mRNA splicing, and PTC readthrough is analyzed.

Key Points:

  • RNA-guided pseudouridylation of U2 small nuclear RNA influences spliceosome assembly and branch site recognition.
  • This modification regulates PTC readthrough, affecting translation termination and genetic disorders.
  • Pseudouridine modifications show promise for treating genetic diseases, cancer, and in mRNA vaccine development.

Conclusions:

  • RNA-guided pseudouridylation is a significant regulatory mechanism in RNA processing.
  • Its diverse functions offer potential for novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research can unlock the full potential of pseudouridine modifications in medicine.