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Adenosine Triphosphate Mediates Phase Separation of Disordered Basic Proteins by Bridging Intermolecular Interaction

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is vital for cellular energy and nucleic acid synthesis.
  • Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) play roles in cellular processes.
  • Phase separation is a key mechanism for organizing cellular components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of ATP in the phase separation of basic intrinsically disordered proteins (bIDPs).
  • To characterize the physical properties and dynamics of ATP-mediated bIDP condensates.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro phase separation assays.
  • Confocal microscopy for visualizing condensates.
  • Rheological measurements to determine viscosity and interfacial tension.
  • Analysis of ATP concentration effects on bIDP behavior.

Main Results:

  • ATP mediates the formation of liquid-like condensates from bIDPs.
  • ATP concentrates within these droplets, acting as bridges between protein chains.
  • Condensates display low interfacial tension, high zero-shear viscosity, and rapid fusion.
  • Extreme shear thinning is observed, attributed to rapid reformation of ATP bridges.
  • High ATP concentrations lead to aggregation and fibril formation, not dissolution.

Conclusions:

  • ATP is a critical regulator of bIDP phase separation and condensate properties.
  • The ATP-bridged network governs the unique rheological behavior of these condensates.
  • ATP concentration is a key factor determining the outcome of bIDP-ATP interactions, from liquid droplets to aggregates.