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Related Concept Videos

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

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The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
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Operons02:09

Operons

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Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by...
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Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

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Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Bacterial Signaling01:30

Bacterial Signaling

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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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Current models in bacterial hemicellulase-encoding gene regulation.

Jessica K Novak1, Jeffrey G Gardner2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland - Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
|January 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial regulation of hemicellulase genes, crucial for biomass breakdown, is complex. This review compares regulatory systems in different bacteria to guide future research in biotechnology.

Keywords:
Carbohydrate active enzymeCarbon catabolite repressionExtracytoplasmic functionHemicelluloseHybrid two-component systemsTranscription factor

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Microbiology
  • Enzyme Engineering
  • Plant Biomass Utilization

Background:

  • Bacterial carbohydrate-active enzymes are key to biotechnology, particularly for renewable fuels and chemicals.
  • Understanding enzyme regulation is vital for optimizing biomass degradation in industrial and biomedical applications.
  • While cellulase regulation is well-studied, bacterial hemicellulase gene regulation remains less understood due to hemicelluloses' diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of bacterial hemicellulase-encoding gene regulation.
  • To identify common themes in transcriptomic responses during plant biomass utilization.
  • To compare regulatory systems in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and with cellulase regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of bacterial hemicellulase gene regulation.
  • Analysis of transcriptomic data for patterns in plant biomass utilization.
  • Comparative analysis of regulatory systems across different bacterial types.

Main Results:

  • Canonical regulatory mechanisms include hybrid two-component systems (HTCS), extracytoplasmic function (ECF)-σ/anti-σ systems, and carbon catabolite repression (CCR).
  • Transcriptomic approaches coupled with computational predictions are increasingly used to identify regulatory patterns.
  • Shared and distinct features of hemicellulase gene regulation in different bacteria were highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • Future research should focus on genetic approaches to enhance systems biology tools for both model and emerging bacteria.
  • Optimizing Gram-positive systems requires integrating degradative and fermentative functions.
  • Optimizing Gram-negative systems necessitates improving lignocellulolytic capabilities.