Elemental analysis using portable X-ray fluorescence: Guidelines for the study of dry human bone

Area of Science:

• Paleopathology
• Materials Science
• Analytical Chemistry

Background:

• Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) is a non-destructive elemental analysis technique increasingly used in paleopathology.
• The application of pXRF in human bone analysis is growing due to portable device development.
• Lack of uniform procedures hinders comparability and reproducibility of pXRF bone studies.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide standardized guidelines for human bone elemental composition analysis using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF).
• To ensure efficient and reproducible paleopathological research through established best practices.
• To facilitate comparability of results across different research groups.

Main Methods:

• Detailed suggestions for human bone sample selection and preparation from various contexts.
• Methodological procedures for pXRF setup, including calibration and accuracy assessment.
• Recommendations for data validation and statistical analysis of elemental composition data.

Main Results:

• Established a comprehensive set of guidelines for pXRF analysis of bone.
• Outlined procedures for sample preparation, instrument setup, and data analysis.
• Provided a framework for consistent and reliable elemental analysis of human bone.

Conclusions:

• Standardized pXRF protocols are essential for reliable paleopathological research.
• Bone elemental variations detected by pXRF can indicate pathological conditions or environmental exposures.
• Adoption of these guidelines will enhance the comparability and reproducibility of pXRF studies in paleopathology.