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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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The principle of natural selection posits that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This principle is closely intertwined with mating preferences, a key aspect of sexual selection, which evolutionary psychologists believe is driven by instincts to propagate one's genes. Such instincts significantly influence mating behaviors and preferences between genders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2025

A Syngeneic Murine Model of Endometriosis using Naturally Cycling Mice
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Is endometriosis due to evolutionary maladaptation?

Sezcan Mumusoglu1, Aaron J W Hsueh2

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.

Reproductive Biomedicine Online
|January 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Endometriosis may stem from evolutionary mismatches, where modern lifestyles increase menstrual cycles. Localized progesterone treatment offers a potential fertility-sparing approach for early-stage endometriosis.

Keywords:
EndometriosisEvaluationMaladaptationMenstruation

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary medicine
  • Reproductive biology
  • Gynecology

Background:

  • Endometriosis, unlike infectious diseases, is theorized to arise from human evolutionary maladaptation.
  • Primate evolution includes spontaneous decidualization, leading to menstruation when pregnancy doesn't occur.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature on evolutionary factors contributing to endometriosis.
  • To enhance understanding for improved prevention and treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of evolutionary biology and endometriosis.
  • Analysis of physiological differences between ancestral and modern lifestyles.

Main Results:

  • Hunter-gatherer women likely had fewer menstrual cycles due to frequent pregnancies and lactation.
  • Modern lifestyles with delayed childbearing increase cumulative menstrual cycles, potentially raising endometriosis risk.

Conclusions:

  • A mismatch exists between evolved uterine physiology and modern reproductive patterns.
  • Local progesterone intrauterine devices may manage endometriosis symptoms, preserve fertility, and minimize side effects.