Behavioral fluctuation reflecting theta-rhythmic activation of sequential working memory

Sequential working memory, the ability to actively maintain sequential information, is essential for human cognition. The neural representation of each item in sequential working memory is thought to be activated rhythmically within the theta (3-7 Hz) range of human electrophysiology. In the current study, we predicted that if neural representations of sequential working memory items were truly activated rhythmically, periodic fluctuations in behavior would be evident. That is, the ease and speed of recalling each memory item would oscillate depending on the interval between memory encoding and recall, affected by the rhythmic neural representation. We conducted detailed analyses of reaction times for retrieving sequential and non-sequential information in eight experiments (total n = 125). The results revealed that reaction times for recalling sequential information showed fluctuation in the theta range as a function of the interval between memory encoding and recall, which was significantly stronger than that observed when the task did not require participants to remember the sequential order. Taken together, the current findings revealed that participants' behavior exhibited theta-rhythmic fluctuation when recalling sequential information in a relatively large sample, supporting theta phase-dependent coding of sequential working memory.