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To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...
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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric Science
    • Remote Sensing
    • Lidar Technology

    Background:

    • Rotational Raman lidar is crucial for atmospheric temperature detection.
    • Elastic scattering crosstalk (ESC) in clouds causes significant temperature retrieval errors.
    • Existing methods struggle with accurate temperature measurements in cloudy conditions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel temperature correction technique for optically-thin clouds.
    • To address the challenge of elastic scattering crosstalk (ESC) in lidar temperature measurements.
    • To enable accurate atmospheric temperature profiling within cloud layers.

    Main Methods:

    • A temperature correction technique based on the backscatter ratio was proposed.
    • A temperature correction function was formulated using the least-squares method.
    • The backscatter ratio was used to correct the rotational Raman ratio for temperature retrieval.

    Main Results:

    • Numerical simulations and experimental validation were performed.
    • The correction technique demonstrated feasibility in lidar measurements.
    • Retrieved temperature profiles showed less than 1.5 K difference from radiosonde data under high SNR.
    • Accurate measurements were achieved for backscatter ratios below 115.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed correction technique effectively mitigates ESC errors in lidar temperature measurements.
    • This method allows for reliable atmospheric temperature detection in cloudy regions.
    • The technique advances atmospheric structure and cloud microphysics research.