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Free-energy diagrams, or reaction coordinate diagrams, are graphs showing the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction. The reaction coordinate represented on the horizontal axis shows how far the reaction has progressed structurally. Positions along the x-axis close to the reactants have structures resembling the reactants, while positions close to the products resemble the products.  Peaks on the energy diagram represent stable structures with measurable lifetimes, while...
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For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...
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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2025

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments
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Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments

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Intermediates in Mechanochemical Reactions.

Karen J Ardila-Fierro1, José G Hernández1

  • 1Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|January 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mechanochemical reactions, performed without solvents, enable the isolation of difficult products. This review highlights detected reactive intermediates, crucial for advancing sustainable chemical synthesis and discovering new reactions.

Keywords:
Ball MillingCocrystalIntermediatesMechanochemistryNon-Covalent Interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Mechanochemistry offers sustainable, solventless synthesis routes with environmental and methodological advantages.
  • Limited understanding of mechanochemical reaction mechanisms and involved intermediates hinders broader application.
  • Solventless conditions can facilitate the isolation of labile or previously inaccessible products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and highlight examples of detected reactive intermediates in mechanochemical reactions.
  • To showcase the role of these intermediates across diverse chemical fields including organic, inorganic, organometallic, and materials chemistry.
  • To emphasize the importance of understanding these intermediates for advancing mechanochemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature focusing on mechanochemical transformations.
  • Analysis of studies employing ex situ and in situ monitoring techniques.
  • Characterization and isolation of reactive intermediates.

Main Results:

  • Detection and characterization of reactive intermediates in various mechanochemical reactions.
  • Identification of non-covalent interactions as key stabilizers for many observed intermediates.
  • Demonstration of intermediate stabilization guiding chemical transformations.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding reactive intermediates is crucial for advancing the field of mechanochemistry.
  • Non-covalent interactions play a significant role in stabilizing intermediates and directing reactions.
  • Further research into mechanochemical intermediates can unlock novel catalytic opportunities and reaction designs.