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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

40.9K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
40.9K
Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria

459
Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
Consider the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates, whereas Fe2+...
459
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

5.9K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
5.9K
Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

63.1K
Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
63.1K
Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria01:07

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

351
Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...
351
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

12.4K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
12.4K

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Hypoeutectic Liquid-Solid Phase Diagrams for Ternary Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes.

Julian Self1,2, Helen K Bergstrom3,4

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, PO Box 6079, Station Downtown, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|January 5, 2024
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Summary

Researchers developed a method to predict the liquidus surface of ternary electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries operating below 0 °C. This advance aids in designing better low-temperature battery performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Lithium-ion batteries require electrolytes for operation.
  • Low-temperature performance (<0 °C) is a key research area for lithium-ion batteries.
  • Ternary phase diagrams of common liquid electrolytes are largely unknown, hindering low-temperature development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the liquidus surface of a specific ternary liquid electrolyte system.
  • To establish a method for predicting electrolyte phase behavior at low temperatures.
  • To support the development of lithium-ion batteries for cold environments.

Main Methods:

  • Studied the liquidus surface of a ternary electrolyte: LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC).
  • Utilized existing literature data on binary electrolyte electrochemical and thermodynamic properties.
  • Applied appropriate mixing models to extrapolate and predict ternary liquidus data.

Main Results:

  • Successfully recovered the liquidus surface of the studied ternary electrolyte system.
  • Demonstrated that literature data from binary systems can be leveraged to predict ternary phase behavior.
  • Validated the use of mixing terms for accurate phase diagram reconstruction.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a viable method for determining ternary electrolyte liquidus surfaces.
  • This approach facilitates the design of electrolytes for improved low-temperature lithium-ion battery performance.
  • The findings contribute to advancing battery technology for wider operational temperature ranges.