COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance or Refusal Among US Nurses: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Nurse turnover has accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nurse refusal of mandated vaccines contributes to understaffing and affects patient health outcomes. The purposes of this study were to describe (1) nurse reasons for COVID-19 vaccine decisions and (2) the relationship between vaccine status and nurse characteristics.

This cross-sectional descriptive study employed a survey of US nurses who worked in nursing during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey included a free-text question about COVID-19 vaccine uptake rationale, self-reported vaccine acceptance/refusal, and demographic data.

Of the 1682 participants, 11.2% refused the COVID-19 vaccine. Higher education level was correlated with greater vaccine acceptance rates (P < 0.001). Themes for vaccine rationale included safeguarding well-being, trust in the science, coercion to vaccinate, perceived immunity, and concern about preexisting health conditions.

The risks of COVID-19 vaccine mandates may be greater than the potential benefits given the potential for compounding workforce attrition during a nursing staffing crisis. Further research is needed to outline the relationships between vaccine education, advocacy, and vaccine uptake among nurses.