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When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling.  This phenomenon, called the Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring...
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When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
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Probing the Onset of Maximal Entanglement inside the Proton in Diffractive Deep Inelastic Scattering.

Martin Hentschinski1, Dmitri E Kharzeev2,3, Krzysztof Kutak4

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Hadrons may be maximally entangled quantum states of quarks and gluons at high energies. This study uses diffractive deep inelastic scattering data to probe this maximal entanglement regime within protons.

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Area of Science:

  • High-energy particle physics
  • Quantum chromodynamics
  • Quantum information theory

Background:

  • The conjecture that hadrons are maximally entangled states of quarks and gluons aligns with experimental data from the Hadron-Electron Ring Collider (HERA).
  • Understanding the internal structure of hadrons at high energies is crucial for quantum chromodynamics (QCD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the onset of maximal entanglement within protons using diffractive deep inelastic scattering.
  • To connect entanglement entropy with the entropy of final-state hadrons.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of diffractive deep inelastic scattering data collected by the H1 Collaboration at HERA.
  • Application of exact and asymptotic expansion formulas for entanglement entropy.

Main Results:

  • The H1 data provides evidence for probing the transition to the maximal entanglement regime in protons.
  • A good agreement was found between theoretical predictions and experimental data, indicating a nearly maximally entangled state.

Conclusions:

  • Diffractive deep inelastic scattering at HERA allows for the study of maximal entanglement in hadrons.
  • Future experiments at the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) can further explore these phenomena.