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Perchlorate-Free Energetic Oxidizers Enabled by Ionic Cocrystallization.

Andrew J Bennett1, Leila M Foroughi1, Adam J Matzger1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed novel energetic cocrystals using ionic cocrystallization to improve ammonium nitrate (AN) and ammonium dinitramide (ADN) for sustainable solid rocket motors. These new materials offer enhanced stability and packing, addressing key limitations of traditional oxidizers.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Energetic Materials

Background:

  • Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is the standard oxidizer in solid rocket motors but faces environmental concerns.
  • Ammonium nitrate (AN) and ammonium dinitramide (ADN) are potential green replacements but have poor stability and crystal morphology.
  • These issues hinder dense packing and limit the widespread use of AN and ADN in rocket propellants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the handling and processing challenges of AN and ADN for sustainable solid rocket motors.
  • To synthesize and characterize novel energetic cocrystals of AN and ADN with an energetic coformer.
  • To investigate the potential of ionic cocrystallization for improving the properties of oxidizer salts.

Main Methods:

  • Ionic cocrystallization was employed to create cocrystals of AN and ADN with 5,5'-dinitro-2H,2H'-3,3″-bi-1,2,4-triazole (DNBT).
  • Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to analyze the thermal properties and stability of the synthesized cocrystals.
  • The oxygen balance of the resulting cocrystals was calculated and compared to existing energetic materials.

Main Results:

  • The cocrystal 2AN:DNBT was successfully synthesized, demonstrating stabilization of AN and mitigating its problematic solid-state phase transition.
  • The cocrystal 2ADN:DNBT was produced, exhibiting the highest oxygen balance among all known organic cocrystals.
  • These cocrystals represent the first instance of oxidizing salts being cocrystallized with an energetic coformer while maintaining a positive oxygen balance.

Conclusions:

  • Ionic cocrystallization is an effective strategy for improving the stability and processability of ammonium nitrate and ammonium dinitramide.
  • The developed cocrystals offer enhanced performance characteristics, including improved thermal stability and high oxygen balance.
  • This research paves the way for developing more sustainable and efficient solid rocket motor propellants.