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Related Concept Videos

The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
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Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
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The Replisome03:01

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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
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Quantifying Replication Stress in Ovarian Cancer Cells Using Single-Stranded DNA Immunofluorescence
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SnapShot: Tolerating replication stress.

Barnabas Szakal1, Michele Giannattasio2, Dana Branzei3

  • 1IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.

Molecular Cell
|January 5, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA damage tolerance pathways help replication forks overcome DNA damage, transcription, and structures. This study visualizes stalled replication forks, detailing factors for bypassing blocks, restarting, and completing DNA replication.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • DNA replication is essential for cell division and must overcome various genomic obstacles.
  • Replication forks can stall at DNA damage, transcribed regions, and DNA structures.
  • DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathways are crucial for navigating these stalls.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the structural dynamics of stalled DNA replication forks.
  • To identify key molecular factors and transactions involved in DDT.
  • To elucidate mechanisms of replication fork bypass, restart, and completion.

Main Methods:

  • Visual representation of stalled replication fork structures.
  • Depiction of key DNA transactions during tolerance.
  • Identification of critical protein factors involved in DDT.

Main Results:

  • Detailed visualization of stalled replication fork configurations.
  • Explanation of mechanisms for bypassing replication impediments.
  • Identification of factors enabling replication restart and overall completion.

Conclusions:

  • DNA damage tolerance pathways are essential for maintaining genome integrity.
  • Understanding stalled fork dynamics provides insights into DNA repair and replication fidelity.
  • Key factors and transactions facilitate replication fork progression through challenging DNA regions.