Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

142
Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
142
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

130
Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
130
Storage01:23

Storage

86
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
86
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

215
Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
215
Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

38
The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
38
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

813
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
813

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Identifying the 50 most productive researchers in top-tier, broad-scope educational psychology journals (2017-2022): a new perspective with a focus on publication trends and diversity.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same author

Part-List Cuing Impairment in Older Adults: Evidence for Two Distinct Mechanisms.

Experimental aging research·2025
Same author

Far transfer of retrieval-practice benefits: rule-based learning as the underlying mechanism.

Cognitive research: principles and implications·2024
Same author

Delayed Metacomprehension Judgments Do Not Directly Improve Learning from Texts.

Journal of Intelligence·2023
Same author

Can prompts improve self-explaining an online video lecture? Yes, but do not disturb!

International journal of educational technology in higher education·2023
Same author

Individual differences fill the uncharted intersections between cognitive structure, flexibility, and plasticity in multitasking.

Psychological review·2022
Same journal

Executive function and preschoolers' responses to severe transgressions: implications for early forgiveness.

Journal of experimental child psychology·2026
Same journal

Shared cognitive risk factors underlying rapid automatized naming deficits for the comorbidity of developmental dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A computational parameter estimation via Bundesen's theory of visual attention.

Journal of experimental child psychology·2026
Same journal

Do young children understand the objectivity of reality?

Journal of experimental child psychology·2026
Same journal

Learning words by ear or by eye: effects of modality on lexical configuration and lexicalization.

Journal of experimental child psychology·2026
Same journal

Thinking outside the Box: Causal uncertainty motivates children's over-imitation.

Journal of experimental child psychology·2026
Same journal

Effects of parental intervention on children's English utterances and behavioral responses in video-based second language learning.

Journal of experimental child psychology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2025

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

10.8K

Buildup and release from proactive interference: The forward testing effect in children's spatial memory.

Alp Aslan1, Veit Kubik2

  • 1Technical University of Applied Sciences Rosenheim, 84453 Mühldorf am Inn, Germany.

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
|January 7, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Testing young children on spatial memory tasks improves their ability to remember new information. This testing effect helps reduce memory interference, enhancing learning and recall for spatial details.

Keywords:
Cognitive developmentForward testing effectProactive interferenceSpatial memoryTest-enhanced learning in children

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function
06:17

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function

Published on: January 26, 2024

2.0K
Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze
08:31

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

Published on: October 28, 2015

10.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2025

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

10.8K
Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function
06:17

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function

Published on: January 26, 2024

2.0K
Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze
08:31

Place and Response Learning in the Open-field Tower Maze

Published on: October 28, 2015

10.5K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Previous research suggests testing enhances memory by reducing proactive interference.
  • The forward testing effect, where prior testing aids later learning, has not been extensively studied in children's spatial memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the forward testing effect in children's spatial memory.
  • To determine if testing reduces proactive interference in children's learning of object locations.

Main Methods:

  • Kindergartners and elementary school children studied and recalled object locations across four arrays.
  • A testing condition involved recalling locations after each array, while a restudy condition involved re-studying the array.
  • Children's memory for the final array and interference from previous arrays were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Testing significantly improved children's memory for the final array compared to restudying.
  • Children in the testing condition showed less confusion between current and previous object locations.
  • These benefits of testing were observed across all age groups tested (5-10 years).

Conclusions:

  • Testing effectively enhances children's spatial memory by mitigating proactive interference.
  • The forward testing effect is a valuable learning strategy for spatial information in children, even before formal schooling.
  • These findings highlight the importance of incorporating testing into educational practices for young learners.