Photo-crosslinked integrated triphasic scaffolds with gradient composition and strength for osteochondral...

Owing to the avascular and aneural nature of cartilage tissue and the complex, multilayered structure of osteochondral units, the repair of osteochondral defects poses significant challenges. Traditional monophasic scaffolds have difficulty meeting the repair requirements of both cartilage and bone tissues, whereas multiphasic scaffolds face the issue of interfacial integration. In this study, a triphasic methylpropenylated gelatin (GELMA) hydrogel scaffold was employed to repair osteochondral defects, in which three layers of hydrogel were covalently bonded through a sequential curing process. The upper layer of the scaffold was covalently bonded with chondroitin sulfate, promoting chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The middle and lower layers of the hydrogel introduced a gradient content of hydroxyapatite, forming a scaffold with gradient mechanical strength and effectively enhancing its angiogenic and osteogenic induction capabilities. Finally, the triphasic integrated scaffold cartilage and bone repair performance was evaluated using a rabbit knee joint defect model. The results demonstrated that the scaffold facilitated accelerated regeneration of osteochondral defects, thus providing a novel strategy for the treatment of osteochondral defects.