Molecular mechanisms and energetics of lipid droplet formation and directional budding

The formation and budding of lipid droplets (LDs) are known to be governed by the LD size and by membrane tensions in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bilayer and LD-monolayers. Using coarse-grained simulations of an LD model, we first show that ER-embedded LDs of different sizes can form through a continuous transition from wide LD lenses to spherical LDs at a fixed LD size. The ER tendency to relax its bilayer modulates the transition via a subtle interplay between the ER and LD lipid densities. By calculating the energetic landscape of the LD transition, we demonstrate that this size-independent transition is regulated by the mechanical force balance of ER and LD-tensions, independent from membrane bending and line tension whose energetic contributions are negligible according to our calculations. Our findings explain experimental observation of stable LDs of various shapes. We then propose a novel mechanism for directional LD budding where the required membrane asymmetry is provided by the exchange of lipids between the LD-monolayers. Remarkably, we demonstrate that this budding process is energetically neutral. Consequently, LD budding can proceed by a modest energy input from proteins or other driving agents. We obtain equal lipid densities and membrane tensions in LD-monolayers throughout budding. Our findings indicate that unlike LD formation, LD budding by inter-monolayer lipid exchange is a tension-independent process.