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Related Concept Videos

Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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The Carbon Cycle01:14

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Trophic Efficiency00:46

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Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as metabolic heat, an average of only 10% of the original energy obtained is passed on to the next level. This pattern of energy loss severely limits the possible number of trophic levels in a food chain.
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Bioremediation00:46

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Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins in groundwater as a byproduct of agricultural run-off and also to clean up oil spills.
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What are Biogeochemical Cycles?00:54

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The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited amounts. Therefore, these nutrients must be recycled through both biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem, in processes generally called biogeochemical cycles.
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Going green while getting lean: Decomposing carbon and green total factor productivity.

Natalia Kuosmanen1, Terhi Maczulskij2

  • 1ETLA Economic Research, Helsinki 00100, Finland.

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Structural change significantly impacts green transition and carbon productivity in Finland

Keywords:
Carbon productivityDecomposition analysisFirm-level dataGHG emissionsGreen total factor productivityStructural change

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Economics
  • Industrial Ecology
  • Green Transition Studies

Background:

  • Growing research on carbon productivity, yet the role of structural change is under-explored.
  • Lack of firm-level emission data has hindered analysis of structural change in green transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of structural change on carbon productivity and green total factor productivity.
  • To decompose productivity growth into components: continuing firms, entry/exit, and resource allocation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized unique register-based greenhouse gas emission data from Finnish energy-intensive manufacturing firms (2000-2019).
  • Applied a structural change productivity decomposition framework.

Main Results:

  • Non-switching continuing firms were the primary drivers of carbon and green total factor productivity growth.
  • Entry and exit had a negative impact during the financial crisis.
  • Inefficient resource allocation significantly hampered productivity growth throughout the period.

Conclusions:

  • Structural change plays a crucial role in the green transition of manufacturing sectors.
  • Public subsidies for environmentally efficient firms can boost competitiveness.
  • A stable carbon price is essential to incentivize the adoption of green technologies.