Autoimmune Disease-Related Dry Eye Diseases and Their Placement Under the Revised Classification Systems: An Update

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Immunology
• Systemic Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

• Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic ocular surface disorder with two main types: aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) and evaporative dry eye (EDE).
• Autoimmune diseases, which affect multiple organs, including the eyes, are increasingly recognized as a significant factor in DED development and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current knowledge on the epidemiological characteristics of DED associated with autoimmune diseases.
• To elucidate the pathogenesis of autoimmune-related DED.
• To summarize current and emerging treatment strategies for autoimmune-related DED.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies investigating the link between autoimmune diseases and DED.
• Analysis of epidemiological data, pathogenetic mechanisms, and therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

• Autoimmune diseases are a significant comorbidity in patients with DED.
• Specific autoimmune conditions contribute to distinct DED subtypes and pathogenic pathways.
• Treatment approaches for autoimmune-related DED often require a multifaceted strategy addressing both ocular surface and systemic disease.

Conclusions:

• Autoimmune diseases play a critical role in the etiology and clinical presentation of DED.
• Understanding the interplay between systemic autoimmunity and ocular surface health is crucial for effective DED management.
• Further research is needed to optimize therapeutic outcomes for patients with autoimmune-related DED.