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Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
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Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
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Valley Fever: Pathogenesis and Evolving Treatment Options.

Spencer C Zaheri1, Elizabeth Field1, Cody A Orvin1

  • 1School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA.

Cureus
|January 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Coccidioidomycosis, or Valley fever, is a fungal lung infection. The immune system, particularly Th2 cells, fights the fungus, but severe cases may need antifungal treatment like fluconazole.

Keywords:
antifungalarthroconidiacoccidioidomycosisfungusinhalationvalley fever

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Coccidioidomycosis, known as Valley fever, is a fungal infection originating from inhaled *Coccidioides* endospores.
  • Inhaled spores develop into spherules in lung alveoli, releasing more spores and triggering an immune response involving macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
  • Th2 lymphocytes are considered crucial for combating *Coccidioides*, as their deficiency correlates with disseminated disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of coccidioidomycosis, covering its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management.
  • To highlight the role of the host immune response, particularly Th2 lymphocytes, in controlling *Coccidioides* infection.
  • To discuss diagnostic methods and treatment strategies, including symptomatic care and antifungal medications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on coccidioidomycosis.
  • Analysis of the host immune response to *Coccidioides* infection.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic techniques such as antibody tests, microscopy, and imaging.
  • Assessment of treatment protocols, including symptomatic management and pharmacotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Coccidioidomycosis presents with symptoms like fever, erythema nodosum, and arthralgia, often with respiratory issues.
  • Diagnosis is confirmed through antibody tests, microscopy, and imaging to assess lung involvement.
  • Most cases resolve spontaneously, warranting symptomatic treatment.
  • Antifungal agents like fluconazole are used for persistent or severe infections, with special considerations for immunocompromised individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Coccidioidomycosis is a significant fungal infection requiring understanding of its immune response and clinical course.
  • Early diagnosis and appropriate management, ranging from symptomatic care to targeted antifungal therapy, are essential.
  • Individualized treatment approaches are necessary, especially for high-risk populations such as pregnant individuals or those with HIV/transplant history.