Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 6, 2025
Real-time Video Projection in an MRI for Characterization of Neural Correlates Associated with Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain
Published on: April 20, 2019
Mirror visual feedback as therapeutic modality in unilateral upper extremity complex regional pain syndrome type I:
Stanislav Machač1, Ludmila Chasáková2, Soroush Kakawand3
1Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic - stanislav.machac@lfmotol.cuni.cz.
Background:
There is growing evidence for the effectiveness of mirror therapy (MT) on pain reduction in patients with type I complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS I).
Aim:
To evaluate the efficacy of MT on pain reduction and hand function in subjects with unilateral upper extremity CRPS I.
Design:
Randomized controlled trial with control group cross-over (half cross-over design).
Setting:
Subjects with CRPS I were outpatients of a university hospital and cooperating centers. All patients carried out the daily exercise at home.
Population:
Subjects with unilateral upper extremity CRPS I meeting the Budapest diagnostic criteria.
Methods:
Subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (N.=13) carried out a ten-minute MT exercise daily, for a total duration of six weeks. Group B (N.=14) acted as a control group for six weeks followed by six weeks of MT with the same characteristics as Group A. Upper extremity active range of motion, strength, dexterity, limb volume, affected-to-unaffected hand temperature difference, and health-related quality of life were evaluated before and after each period. Daily records on the visual analogue scale were used for pain evaluation. Effectiveness was calculated using mixed-effects modelling for between-group comparisons and within-group variability, and identification of significant predictors.
Results:
Twenty-three females and four males with an average age of 56.1±9.6 years completed the study. Except for the affected-to-unaffected hand temperature difference, both groups consistently demonstrated significant or near-significant improvements in measured parameters after MT period. The improvements were evident upon an intergroup comparison of Group A and the control period of Group B as well as longitudinally within Group B. No significant improvement was found during the control period.
Conclusions:
Principles focused on mirror visual feedback to the central nervous system can sustain promising therapeutic potential as part of the treatment for pain reduction and hand function in CRPS I patients.
Clinical Rehabilitation Impact:
MT can be considered as part of the therapeutic regimen employed for the treatment of CRPS I.
