Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A single-center experience, 2017 to 2021

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains a critical treatment for advanced or high-risk hematological malignancies, posing challenges such as finding suitable donors and managing of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). This study estimates 3-year overall survival in patients who underwent HSCT at our referral service in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

This retrospective observational cohort study involved 41 patients who received HSCT between 2017 and 2021 at the Felício Rocho Hospital. Recipients received HSCT from either haploidentical donor (Haplo), matched unrelated donor (MUD), or HLA-matched sibling donor (MSD). The study evaluated parameters that included 3-year overall survival (OS), treatment-related mortality (TRM), GvHD incidence, post-transplant relapse rate, and engraftment. ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Log-rank test compared the curves.

Our study found that the engraftment time differed among groups: Haplo recipients engrafted earlier within a median of 16 days (ranging between 10 and 20 days) than MSD recipients with 18 days (ranging between 11 and 28 days), and MUD recipients with 19 days (ranging between 11 and 24 days; p = 0.019). Mild acute GvHD (grade I-II) was observed in 13 patients, progressing to chronic GvHD in 5 patients. Three-year OS rates were as follows: MSD group - 67.7%, Haplo group - 42.2%, and MUD group - 44.4% (MSD vs Haplo, p = 0.039). Three-year cumulative treatment-related mortality (TRM) rates were 17.8% for MSD group, 22.9% for Haplo group, and 22.1% for MUD group (pairwise comparisons p > 0.05). Infection-related mortality was reported in eight patients, while relapse rates at 3 years were similar across MSD, Haplo, and MUD groups (p = 0.891). Donor age influenced OS rates, showing better outcomes with donors under 45 years old, and significant differences were found in pairwise comparisons (p = 0.015).

Donor type and donor age significantly impacted HSCT outcomes in our analysis, thus emphasizing the importance of rigorous donor selection in risk stratification and suggesting potential benefits for younger donors.