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Postpartum depression-an exploratory mixed method study for developing an indigenous tool.

Maham Abdullah1, Shirmeen Ijaz2, Shamaila Asad2

  • 1Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan. mahampsy@gmail.com.

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|January 10, 2024
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Summary

A new postpartum depression scale was developed for Asian mothers. This reliable and valid tool can help identify mothers needing support and guide interventions for postpartum depression.

Keywords:
Indigenous toolLow- and middle-income countriesMixed methodologyMotherhoodPakistanPostpartum depressionValidation studies

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Psychometrics
  • Global Health

Background:

  • Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant issue, with Pakistan reporting high prevalence rates (28-63%).
  • Existing PPD assessment tools may not be suitable for Asian populations, potentially leading to inaccurate prevalence estimates.
  • Culturally relevant assessment tools are crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a culturally appropriate scale for measuring postpartum depression (PPD) in Asian mothers.
  • To address the limitations of non-indigenous tools in assessing PPD within the Asian context.
  • To provide a reliable instrument for identifying and managing PPD in this demographic.

Main Methods:

  • A mixed-methods design was employed, involving interviews with postpartum mothers and experts in Phase I to generate scale items.
  • Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were utilized in Phase II to establish the scale's psychometric properties.
  • Validity was assessed through convergent and divergent measures, including correlations with established depression and life satisfaction scales.

Main Results:

  • A 35-item scale for postpartum depression was finalized after item reduction based on factor loading.
  • The scale demonstrated good reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.92) and a robust factor structure, with five factors explaining 58.07% of the variance.
  • Convergent validity was confirmed through positive correlations with the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Divergent validity was established via a negative correlation with the Satisfaction with Life Scale.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Questionnaire of Postpartum Depression Scale is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing PPD in Asian mothers.
  • This culturally adapted tool can aid in the early identification of postpartum depression.
  • The scale facilitates the implementation of targeted interventions for postpartum depression among Asian mothers.