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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies. Common...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...
Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...
Investigation of Disease Outbreaks01:23

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...

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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
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Clostridioides difficile Infection in Hospitalized Patients-A Retrospective Epidemiological Study.

Frederico Fonseca1, Mario Forrester2,3,4, Ana Margarida Advinha5,6

  • 1Pharmaceutical Services, Hospital do Espírito Santo, 7000-811 Évora, Portugal.

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) incidence has significantly increased, particularly in older adults and healthcare settings. This rise highlights a critical need for updated prevention and treatment strategies to combat this serious infection.

Keywords:
Clostridioides difficile infectionantibiotic consumptioncommunity-acquireddiarrheaepidemiologyhealthcare-acquiredrisk factors

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology
  • Healthcare-Associated Infections

Background:

  • Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major cause of hospital-acquired and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, leading to significant morbidity and mortality.
  • Global epidemiological trends for CDI are evolving, necessitating updated local data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the epidemiological context, severity, and outcomes of CDI in patients admitted to a Portuguese hospital.
  • To compare current CDI trends with historical data from the same institution.

Main Methods:

  • A single-center, observational, retrospective study was conducted at Hospital do Espírito Santo (HESE), Évora, Portugal.
  • Data on CDI cases were collected from January to December 2018.
  • Analysis included incidence rates, patient demographics, risk factors, severity, recurrence, and mortality.

Main Results:

  • An annual CDI incidence rate of 20.7 cases per 10,000 patients was recorded.
  • The average patient age was 76.4 years, with 83.3% over 65.
  • Most CDI cases were healthcare-acquired, linked to recent antibiotic use. Severe episodes occurred in 23.3%, and recurrences in 16.7%.
  • Mortality was disproportionately high in older patients. CDI incidence was over 10.4-fold higher than in 2000, with a notable increase in community-associated cases.

Conclusions:

  • CDI incidence has dramatically increased since 2000, with a notable rise in community-associated infections.
  • Older adults are particularly vulnerable, experiencing higher severity, recurrence, and mortality rates.
  • Findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and control measures for CDI in healthcare settings.