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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Inflammation-Associated Cytotoxic Agents in Tumorigenesis.

Jürgen Arnhold1

  • 1Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.

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Tumor cells survive radio- and chemotherapy by overcoming cytotoxic agents through antioxidative defense mechanisms. This highlights the crucial balance between cytotoxic agents and protective strategies in late-stage cancer.

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antagonizing principleschronic inflammationcytotoxic agentshypoxiaimmunosuppressionmatrix remodelingredox homeostasistumor cellstumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Chronic inflammation is intrinsically linked to all phases of cancer development.
  • Inflammation involves the release of cytotoxic agents, posing a challenge for tumor cell survival.
  • Tumor cells exhibit unique metabolic adaptations to counteract these cytotoxic challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how tumor cells overcome enhanced cytotoxic agent levels within the tumor microenvironment.
  • To elucidate the interplay between cytotoxic agents and the antagonizing mechanisms employed by tumor cells.
  • To focus on the disturbed balance in late-stage tumors for novel therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cellular mechanisms of tumor resistance.
  • Analysis of the role of mitochondrial-derived reactive species, iron ions, and heme.
  • Examination of antioxidative enzymes, protective proteins, and redox homeostasis maintenance.

Main Results:

  • Tumor cells overexpress antioxidative enzymes and proteins to maintain redox homeostasis.
  • These mechanisms enable tumor cells to withstand additional stress from radio- and chemotherapy.
  • Tumor cells secrete agents that suppress immune cells and promote extracellular matrix formation, aiding invasion and metastasis.

Conclusions:

  • Tumor cells possess sophisticated defense systems to counteract cytotoxic agents, crucial for survival and progression.
  • The disturbed balance between cytotoxic agents and protective mechanisms in late-stage tumors is a key therapeutic target.
  • Understanding these interactions is essential for developing innovative anti-cancer therapies.