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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Amide-Containing Bottlebrushes via Continuous-Flow Photoiniferter Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer

Alexey Sivokhin1, Dmitry Orekhov1, Oleg Kazantsev1

  • 1Research Laboratory "New Polymeric Materials", Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University, n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 24 Minin Street, 603155 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.

Polymers
|January 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synthesized amphiphilic amide bottlebrushes using visible light polymerization. These thermoresponsive copolymers efficiently form micelles for potential drug delivery applications.

Keywords:
continuous flowhydrogen bondingphotoiniferter polymerizationself-assemblyself-foldingthermoresponsive bottlebrushes

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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Amphiphilic polymers are crucial for drug delivery systems.
  • Thermoresponsive polymers offer tunable properties for controlled release.
  • Bottlebrush polymers present unique architectures for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel ternary amphiphilic amide-containing bottlebrushes.
  • To investigate the impact of comonomer modification on micelle formation and drug loading.
  • To evaluate the scalability and efficiency of the photoiniferter (PI-RAFT) polymerization method.

Main Methods:

  • Photoiniferter (PI-RAFT) polymerization of macromonomers in continuous-flow mode.
  • Synthesis of thermoresponsive copolymers using methoxy oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate and alkoxy(C12-C14) oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate.
  • Modification with acrylamide (AAm), methacrylamide (MAAm), and N-methylacrylamide (-MeAAm) comonomers.
  • Characterization of micelle formation, critical micelle concentration, and pyrene loading capacity using DLS and SLS.

Main Results:

  • Visible light-mediated PI-RAFT polymerization yielded thermoresponsive copolymers with low dispersity and high yields rapidly.
  • The process is scalable, producing tens of grams of pure copolymer daily.
  • Unmodified copolymers formed unimolecular micelles below the LCST.
  • Incorporation of AAm, MAAm, and -MeAAm increased micelle aggregation numbers.
  • Resulting bottlebrushes formed uni- or bimolecular micelles at very low concentrations with high pyrene loading capacity.

Conclusions:

  • Scalable synthesis of amphiphilic amide bottlebrushes is achievable via continuous-flow PI-RAFT polymerization.
  • Comonomer modification significantly influences micelle properties and drug loading efficiency.
  • These novel bottlebrush micelles show great promise for targeted drug delivery applications.