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Optimization Conditions of Malachite Green Adsorption onto Almond Shell Carbon Waste Using Process Design.

Faiza Chouli1, Abdelrahman Osama Ezzat2, Lilia Sabantina3,4

  • 1LMAE Laboratory, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Mascara University, Mascara 29000, Algeria.

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Summary

Almond shell biocarbon effectively removes malachite green dye. This cheap adsorbent shows high capacity and stability, with optimal removal at 0.1g adsorbent, 600 mg/L dye, and 25°C.

Keywords:
adsorptionalmond shelldesign processkinetic studymalachite greenthermodynamic study

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Adsorption Science

Background:

  • Malachite green is a widely used dye in the textile industry, posing environmental concerns due to its toxicity.
  • Developing cost-effective and sustainable adsorbents for dye removal is crucial for wastewater treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of almond shell-based biocarbon as a low-cost adsorbent for malachite green removal.
  • To characterize the almond shell biocarbon and optimize the adsorption process parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Almond shell biocarbon was characterized using FT-IR, DRX, and BET analysis.
  • Adsorption experiments were conducted varying dye concentration, adsorbent mass, and temperature.
  • Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were applied to analyze adsorption data.
  • Statistical design of experiments (D-optimal design) was used to determine optimal conditions.

Main Results:

  • Almond shell biocarbon exhibited a surface area of 120.21 m²/g with a Type H4 isotherm.
  • The maximum adsorption capacity was 166.66 mg/g, following Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics.
  • Optimal adsorption conditions were determined as 0.1g adsorbent, 600 mg/L initial dye concentration, and 25°C.
  • The adsorption process was endothermic (ΔH = 12.19 J/mol) and the adsorbent demonstrated stability.

Conclusions:

  • Almond shell-based biocarbon is a promising, stable, and cost-effective adsorbent for malachite green removal.
  • The study provides optimal parameters for efficient dye uptake, applicable over a wide range of conditions.
  • The findings support the use of agricultural waste for environmental remediation applications.