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Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Micro-masonry for 3D Additive Micromanufacturing
Published on: August 1, 2014
Additive Manufacturing of Earth-Based Materials: A Literature Review on Mortar Composition, Extrusion, and Processing
Douglas Rocha1,2, Paulina Faria1, Sandra S Lucas2
1CERIS, Department of Civil Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
Abstract:
Increasing concerns about global warming and its impact on the environment reinforce the need for new materials and technologies. Additive manufacturing has become more relevant due to its potential to build sustainable and more energy-efficient constructions. However, the materials employed within the technology are not yet fully sustainable. Researchers employing clay as the main binder have found that, besides protecting the environment, it benefits passive control of indoor temperature and relative humidity and contributes to comfort. The mortar design as well as the necessary technological adaptations for the 3D printing of earth mortars are addressed. From a material perspective, this paper reviewed and analyzed the recent developments in additive manufacturing of clay-based mortars, highlighting the main gaps and providing recommendations for future developments in this field.
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