Enhancement of multilayer lithium storage in a β₁₂-borophene/graphene heterostructure with built-in dipoles

The combination of borophene with a supporting metallic layer is beneficial in stabilizing its structure and promoting its application in energy storage. Here, through first-principles calculations, we screen a β₁₂-borophene/graphene (β₁₂-B/G) heterostructure with superior structural integrity, strong interlayer binding, and high thermodynamic stability among different B/G heterostructures. Besides, it is noteworthy that β₁₂-B/G has been recently synthesized, further opening the possibility of expanding its use in energy storage. Then the selected target is systematically investigated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Compared with each monolayer component, multiple lithium-ion adsorption is achieved in the β₁₂-B/G heterostructure, resulting in an ultra-high theoretical specific capacity of 2267 mA h g^-1. In addition, a lower diffusion energy barrier indicates faster electron transport and lithium-ion diffusion in the β₁₂-B/G heterostructure. Notably, the multilayer lithium adsorption avoids the formation of dendritic deposits, as evidenced by complete ionization of the cationic layers. Moreover, the disparity in the work functions of the individual layers gives rise to a built-in dipole in β₁₂-B/G, further enhancing the multilayer lithium storage and ion migration. All these results suggest that the construction of borophene-based heterostructures with built-in dipoles is a feasible way to design high-performance LIB anode materials.