Understanding Canadians' knowledge, attitudes and practices related to antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use:...

Antimicrobial resistance is a current and pressing issue in Canada. Population-level antibiotic consumption is a key driver. The Public Health Agency of Canada undertook a comprehensive assessment of the Canadian public's knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use, to help inform the implementation of public awareness and knowledge mobilization.

Data were collected in three phases: 1) six in-person focus groups (53 participants) to help frame the survey; 2) nationwide survey administration to 1,515 Canadians 18 years and older via cell phone and landline; and 3) 12 online focus groups to analyze survey responses. Survey data is descriptive.

A third (33.9%) of survey respondents reported using antibiotics at least once in the previous 12 months, 15.8% more than twice and 4.6% more than five times. Antibiotic use was reported more among 1) those with a household income below $60,000, 2) those with a medical condition, 3) those without a university education and 4) among the youngest adults (18-24 years of age) and (25-34 years of age). Misinformation about antibiotics was common: 32.5% said antibiotics "can kill viruses"; 27.9% said they are "effective against colds and flu"; and 45.8% said they are "effective in treating fungal infections". Inaccurate information was reported more often by those 1) aged 18-24 years, 2) with a high school degree or less and 3) with a household income below $60,000. In focus groups, the time/money trade-offs involved in accessing medical care were reported to contribute to pushing for a prescription or using unprescribed antibiotics, particularly in more remote contexts, while the cost of a prescription contributed to sharing and using old antibiotics. A large majority, across all demographic groups, followed the advice of medical professionals in making health decisions.

High trust in medical professionals presents an important opportunity for knowledge mobilization. Delayed prescriptions may alleviate concerns about the time/money constraints of accessing future care. Consideration should be given to prioritizing access to appropriate diagnostic and other technology for northern and/or remote communities and/or medical settings serving many young children to alleviate concerns of needing a prescription or of needing to return later.