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Enhanced External Counterpulsation Improves Cognitive Function of Persons With Long COVID
Mohanakrishnan Sathyamoorthy1, Rajkumar J Sevak, Juan Cabrera
1From the Department of Internal Medicine, Burnett School of Medicine at Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas (MS); Consultants in Cardiovascular Medicine and Science-Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas (MS); Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California (RJS, SAS); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (JC, ML); Flow Therapy, Fort Worth, Texas (JF, SAS); and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, Texas (MV-G).
Objective:
The aim of this study is to determine the effects of enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) in patients with long COVID and objectively assessed cognitive impairment.
Design:
A retrospective evaluation of long COVID patients referred for EECP, with cognitive sequela, and having completed an objective digital assessment before and after therapy. Patients had either cognitive impairment or no cognitive impairment at baseline. We assessed changes in composite score using multifactor analysis of variance. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate several independent variables.
Results:
Eighty long COVID patients (38 cognitive impairment vs. 42 no cognitive impairment) were included for analyses. All baseline characteristics were well matched. There was significant improvement in composite score post EECP in those with objective cognitive impairment at baseline. There were no notable documented safety concerns.
Conclusions:
This is the first study showing that EECP led to significant improvement in cognitive functioning of long COVID patients with objectively defined cognitive impairment. Although a lack of a negative control group is a limitation of this study, EECP seems to be highly safe and effective with the potential for widespread application.
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