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Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Interphase Fluorescence in situ Hybridization of Bone Marrow Smears of Multiple Myeloma
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Chromosomal defects in multiple myeloma.

Sarah E Clarke1, Kathryn A Fuller2, Wendy N Erber3

  • 1School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia (M504), Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Haematology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.

Blood Reviews
|January 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple myeloma involves chromosomal abnormalities crucial for prognosis. Current tests like FISH and SNP-array have limitations in detecting low-level clones, necessitating advanced methods for accurate assessment.

Keywords:
ChromosomesCytogeneticsFluorescence in situ hybridisationMultiple myeloma

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell cancer driven by specific chromosomal events.
  • Detecting these aberrations is vital for patient prognosis and treatment selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review primary and secondary cytogenetic aberrations in multiple myeloma.
  • To discuss current and emerging techniques for their assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cytogenetic testing in multiple myeloma.
  • Discussion of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), SNP-array, and next-generation sequencing (NGS).

Main Results:

  • FISH and SNP-array are standard but have limited sensitivity for low-level clones.
  • NGS and novel FISH techniques show promise for improved detection and monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate detection of chromosomal aberrations is critical for managing multiple myeloma.
  • Advancements in molecular techniques are improving diagnostic sensitivity and therapeutic guidance.