Embayed beach configuration explained by wave sheltering

Embayed beaches, characterized by their distinctive planform curvature, are a common feature along coastlines worldwide. This study introduces a novel approach to describe bay shape that extends our understanding about the processes that control embayed beach development. The novel approach was thoroughly tested against one-line models and applied to real-world cases covering a wide range of spatial scales, wave climate conditions and geomorphological settings. Here we show that the equilibrium curvature of embayed beaches can be correctly described and explained by considering headland-provided offshore wave sheltering alone, without explicitly accounting for wave shoaling, refraction, diffraction, or longshore transport. This holds true as long as the offshore wave climate is accurately characterized, including complete information regarding the mean and the spread of the incoming wave direction. For narrow-banded dominant swell wave regimes, the inclusion of background wind sea components has been identified as crucial for predicting curvature in the more sheltered embayed domain. The presented model significantly contributes to the understanding of how waves shape embayed beaches.