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Related Concept Videos

Random and Systematic Errors01:20

Random and Systematic Errors

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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...
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Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error01:10

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization01:12

Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization

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Error is the deviation of the obtained result from the true, expected value or the estimated central value. Errors are expressed in absolute or relative terms.
Absolute error in a measurement is the numerical difference from the true or central value. Relative error is the ratio between absolute error and the true or central value, expressed as a percentage.
Errors can be classified by source, magnitude, and sign. There are three types of errors: systematic, random, and gross.
Systematic or...
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Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

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DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
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Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors01:15

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

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In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms
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From Causatum to Erratum, all in a name.

Anurag Kumar, Jagjit K Pandey, Mala Mahto

    Clinical Laboratory
    |January 12, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary

    A simple error in labeling parathyroid hormone (PTH) blood samples during surgery can lead to serious complications. Implementing distinct labeling for timed PTH samples is crucial to prevent pre-analytical errors and ensure patient safety.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Surgical Pathology
    • Laboratory Medicine

    Background:

    • Parathyroidectomy (PTX) requires precise monitoring of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels.
    • Timed blood sampling is essential for intraoperative decision-making during PTX.

    Observation:

    • Laboratory Information Services (LIS) software used a single code (iPTH) for all PTH sample types.
    • Human error occurred in marking PTH vacutainers, leading to sample misidentification and swapping.
    • A spurious rise in PTH levels was observed post-PTX due to sample mix-up.

    Findings:

    • The mislabeled samples indicated a false increase in PTH, potentially suggesting incomplete parathyroidectomy.
    • Careful laboratory physician review identified the pre-analytical error.
    • Timely detection prevented unnecessary extension of the parathyroidectomy procedure.

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    Implications:

    • Common coding for timed samples increases the risk of pre-analytical errors in clinical laboratories.
    • Implementing distinct labeling and identification measures for timed PTH samples is critical.
    • Standardized protocols are needed to prevent sample mix-ups and ensure accurate patient management during PTX.