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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Sociology
  • Demography

Background:

  • A persistent puzzle in India is the higher infant survival rate among Muslim children compared to Hindu children.
  • This occurs despite Muslims generally having lower wealth, education, and access to state services.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reasons behind the observed infant mortality advantage for Muslim children in India.
  • To examine the role of neighborhood characteristics and potential mechanisms driving this phenomenon.

Main Methods:

  • The study analyzes infant survival data in India, focusing on the religious composition of neighborhoods.
  • It employs statistical methods to differentiate between household-level and neighborhood-level effects.

Main Results:

  • The infant survival advantage is primarily associated with having Muslim neighbors, not Muslim households themselves.
  • Evidence suggests that neighborhood sanitation externalities are a significant factor linking religious composition to infant mortality.

Conclusions:

  • The findings challenge previous assumptions about Muslim infant mortality advantage being solely household-driven.
  • Neighborhood effects, particularly related to sanitation, are crucial determinants of infant survival in the Indian context.