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Related Concept Videos

Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

16.6K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
16.6K
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

15.6K
Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
15.6K
Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

3.6K
A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
3.6K
Valence Bond Theory02:45

Valence Bond Theory

32.3K
Overview of Valence Bond Theory
32.3K
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

8.5K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
8.5K
Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics01:34

Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics

3.8K
The thermodynamic favorability of a reaction is determined by the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG). ΔG has two components- enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS). The entropy component is negligible for alkane halogenation because the number of reactants and product molecules are equal. In this case, the ΔG is governed only by the enthalpy component. The most crucial factor that determines ΔH is the strength of the bonds. ΔH can be determined by comparing the energy...
3.8K

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Updated: Jul 5, 2025

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

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Halogen Bond Catalysis: A Physical Chemistry Perspective.

Ying Li1, Chang Zhao1, Zhuo Wang1

  • 1College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|January 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Halogen bond catalysis, an eco-friendly organocatalysis, offers a powerful alternative to hydrogen bond catalysis. This review highlights recent advancements in activating lone pair systems, π systems, and metal complexes using halogen bonds.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Halogen bonds are crucial noncovalent interactions with broad applications.
  • Halogen bond catalysis has emerged as a significant area in organocatalysis over the last 15 years.
  • It presents advantages such as environmental friendliness, low cost, and recyclability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a physical chemistry perspective on the latest progress in halogen bond catalysis.
  • To showcase key examples of halogen bond catalysis.
  • To introduce research advancements in halogen bond catalysis by the authors' group.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of recent developments in halogen bond catalysis.
  • Discussion of activation mechanisms involving lone pair systems, π systems, and metal complexes.
  • Presentation of specific research examples and group contributions.

Main Results:

  • Halogen bond catalysis is a versatile and powerful tool in organic reactions.
  • It serves as a potent alternative to established hydrogen bond catalysis.
  • The review covers diverse applications and activation modes, including interactions with organic functional groups, π systems, and metal complexes.

Conclusions:

  • Halogen bond catalysis is a rapidly advancing field with significant potential.
  • It offers a sustainable and efficient catalytic approach.
  • The presented overview and examples underscore its importance and future prospects.